Reviewed case brief
Pradeep Kumar Biswas and Ors. v Indian Institute of Chemical Biology and Ors.
(2002) 5 SCC 111
(2002) 5 SCC 111 · Supreme Court of India (Seven-Judge Bench)
- Court
- Supreme Court of India (Seven-Judge Bench)
- Year
- 2002
- Subjects
- Constitutional Law I
- Reviewed
- 2026-08-02
Rule established
The determinative factor in deciding whether a body is 'State' under Article 12 is whether it is financially, functionally, and administratively dominated by, or under the deep and pervasive control of, the government; the Ajay Hasia factors are indicative pointers, not a rigid checklist.
Facts
Issues
Held
Ratio decidendi
How to use it in an exam
Editorial source
(2002) 5 SCC 111; landmark seven-judge bench decision refining the Article 12 test
Educational summary only. Read the reported judgment or an authorised law report before relying on the case professionally.