Centax (India) Ltd v. Vinmar Impex Inc

Facts

• A letter of credit was opened for an international trade transaction
• The beneficiary presented documents strictly complying with LC terms
• The buyer (applicant) alleged fraud/defect in goods and instructed the bank to refuse payment
• The bank sought direction on whether to pay

Issue

1. Whether a bank can refuse payment under a letter of credit when documents are compliant but the buyer alleges fraud in the underlying transaction.

Held

• The bank must pay against compliant documents. Under the doctrine of autonomy, the bank deals in documents, not goods. Disputes regarding quality, quantity, or performance under the sale contract are between buyer and seller. The bank's sole obligation is to examine documents on their face. Only fraud in the documents themselves (forged documents) justifies refusal.

Ratio Decidendi

Under the independence principle, the LC is separate from the underlying contract. The bank pays on documents, not goods. Underlying disputes do not affect the bank's payment obligation when documents comply strictly.